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bacillus: A rod-shaped bacterium.
Biopharming: The production of biopharmaceuticals in plants or domestic animals.
Biotechnology: A set of biological techniques developed through basic research and now applied to research and product development.
Cry1A: A protein derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that is toxic to some insects when ingested.
Doublehelix: The twisted-ladder shape that two linear strands of DNA assume when complementary nucleotides on opposing strands bond together.
Embryonicstemcells: Cell lines derived from early embryos that have the potential to differentiate into all types of somatic cells as well as to form germ line cells, and hence whole animals, when injected into early embryos.
Fibroblast: A type of relatively undifferentiated cell found in many parts of the body involved primarily in wound healing.
Fitness: The ability to survive to reproductive age and produce viable offspring.
Genomics: is the mapping and sequencing of all the genetic material in the DNA of a particular organism as well as the use of information derived from genome sequence data.
Genotype: The genetic identity of an individual. Genotype often is evident by outward characteristics.
Mutation: Any inheritable change in DNA sequence.
Naturalselection: The concept developed by Charles Darwin that genes which produce characteristics that are more favorable in a particular environment will be more abundant in the next generation.
Nucleotide: A subunit of DNA or RNA consisting of a nitrogenous base, a phosphate molecule, and a sugar molecule.
Ovule: An outgrowth of the ovary of a seed plant that encloses an embryo.
Phenotype: The visible and/or measurable characteristics of an organism (how it appears outwardly) as opposed to its genotype, or genetic characteristics.
Pollen: The cells that carry the male DNA of a seed plant.
Protein: A large molecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids in a specific order.
Recombination: The process by which progeny derive a combination of genes different from that of either parent.
Scrapie: A disease, originally of sheep, but transmissible to other animals, characterized by neurological degeneration caused by accumulation of a structural variant of PrP.
Selectivebreeding: Making deliberate crosses or matings of organisms so the offspring will have a desired characteristic derived from one of the parents.
Somaticcells: Cells of body tissues other than the germline.
Traditionalbreeding: Modification of plants and animals through selective breeding.
Transfection: Alteration of the genome of a cell by direct introduction of DNA, a small portion of which becomes covalently associated with the host cell DNA.
Transgenic: Containing genes altered by insertion of DNA from an unrelated organism.
Variety: Subdivision of a species for taxonomic classification.
Vector: A type of DNA, such as a plasmid or phage that is self-replicating and that can be used to transfer DNA segments among host cells.
Verticaltransmission: Inheritance of a gene from parent to offspring.
Virus: A noncellular biological entity that can reproduce only within a host cell.
Vitamins: Various substances that are essential in minute quantities to the nutrition of animals and plants.
Xenotransplantation: Transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs from one species to another.
Zygote: A fertilized oocyte.
Aerobe: A microorganism that grows in the presence of oxygen.
Alleles: Alternate forms of a gene or DNA sequence, which occur on either of two homologous chromosomes in a diploid organism.
Anaerobe: An organism that grows in the absence of oxygen.
Antibiotic: A class of natural and synthetic compounds that inhibit the growth of or kill other microorganisms.
Anticodon: A nucleotide base triplet in a transfer RNA molecule that pairs with a complementary base triplet, or codon, in a messenger RNA molecule.
Antigen: Any foreign substance, such as a virus, bacterium, or protein, that elicits an immune response by stimulating the production of antibodies.
Autosome: A chromosome that is not involved in sex determination.
Bacillus: A rod-shaped bacterium.
Backcross: Crossing an organism with one of its parent organisms.
Bacterium: A single-celled, microscopic prokaryotic organism: a single cell organism without a distinct nucleus.
Biodiversity: The wide diversity and interrelatedness of earth organisms based on genetic and environmental factors.
Biologics: Agents, such as vaccines, that give immunity to diseases or harmful biotic stresses.
Carcinogen: A substance that induces cancer.
Catalyst: A substance that promotes a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction, but which itself remains unaltered at the end of the reaction.
Centrifugation: Separating molecules by size or density using centrifugal forces generated by a spinning rotor.
Cistron: A DNA sequence that codes for a specific polypeptide; a gene.
Clone: An exact genetic replica of a specific gene or an entire organism.
Colony: A group of identical cells (clones) derived from a single progenitor cell.
Conjugation: The joining of two bacteria cells when genetic material is transferred from one bacterium to another.
Culture: A particular kind of organism growing in a laboratory medium.
Cytogenetics: Study that relates the appearance and behavior of chromosomes to genetic phenomenon.
Denature: To induce structural alterations that disrupt the biological activity of a molecule.
Dominant: An allele is said to be ________ if it expresses its phenotype even in the presence of a recessive allele.
Dormancy: A period in which a plant does not grow, awaiting necessary environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture, nutrient availability.
Ecology: The study of the interactions of organisms with their environment and with each other.
Endophyte: An organism that lives inside another.
Enzymes: Proteins that control the various steps in all chemical reactions.
Exon: A DNA sequence that is ultimately translated into protein.
Express: To translate a gene's message into a molecular product.
Fungicide: An agent, such as a chemical, that kills fungi.
Fungus: A microorganism that lacks chlorophyll.
Gamete: A haploid sex cell, egg or sperm, that contains a single copy of each chromosome.
Genus: A category including closely related species.
Herbicide: Any substance that is toxic to plants; usually used to kill specific unwanted plants.
Hybridization: The hydrogen bonding of complementary DNA and/or RNA sequences to form a duplex molecule.
Hydrolysis: A reaction in which a molecule of water is added at the site of cleavage of a molecule to two products.
Insulin: A peptide hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that regulates the level of sugar in the blood.
Ion: A charged particle.
Isotope: One of two or more forms of an element that have the same number of protons (atomic number) but differing numbers of neutrons (mass numbers). Radioactive isotopes are commonly used to make DNA probes and metabolic tracers.
Karyotype: All of the chromosomes in a cell or an individual organism, visible through a microsope during cell division.
Lawn: A uniform and uninterrupted laver of bacterial growth, in which individual colonies cannot be observed.
Ligate: The process of joining two or more DNA fragments.
Lineage: A chart that traces the flow of genetic information from generation to generation.
Linker: A short, double-stranded oligonucleotide containing a restriction endonuclease recognition site, which is ligated to the ends of a DNA fragment.
Lysis: The destruction of the cell membrane.
Lysogen: A bacterial cell whose chromosome contains in- tegrated viral DNA.
Malignant: Having the properties of cancerous growth.
Mapping: Determining the physical location of a gene or genetic marker on a chromosome.
Metabolism: The biochemical processes that sustain a living cell or organism.
Microbe: A microorganism.
Mitosis: The replication of a cell to form two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes.
Monoculture: The agricultural practice of cultivating crops consisting of genetically similar organisms.
Monogenic: Controlled by or associated with a single gene.
Mycorrhizae: Fungi that form symbiotic relationships with roots of more developed plants.
Nodule: The enlargement or swelling on roots of nitrogen- fixing plants.
Nuclein: The term used by Friedrich Miescher to describe the nuclear material he discovered in 1869, which today is known as DNA.
Nucleus: The membrane-bound region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the chromosomes.
Organelle: A cell structure that carries out a specialized function in the life of a cell.
Ovum: A female gamete.
Paleontology: The study of the fossil record of past geo- logical periods and of the phylogenetic relationships between ancient and contemporary plant and animal species.
Pesticide: A substance that kills harmful organisms (for example, an insecticide or fungicide).
Plaque: A clear spot on a lawn of bacteria or cultured cells where cells have been Iysed by viral infection.
Pedigree: A diagram mapping the genetic history of a par- ticular family.
Across:1. | A microorganism that lacks chlorophyll. | 3. | Proteins that control the various steps in all chemical reactions. | 5. | The biochemical processes that sustain a living cell or organism. | 8. | Containing genes altered by insertion of DNA from an unrelated organism. | 9. | Crossing an organism with one of its parent organisms. | 10. | The destruction of the cell membrane. | 11. | A noncellular biological entity that can reproduce only within a host cell. | 15. | A microorganism. | 17. | Having the properties of cancerous growth. | 18. | A nucleotide base triplet in a transfer RNA molecule that pairs with a complementary base triplet, or codon, in a messenger RNA molecule. | 19. | Any foreign substance, such as a virus, bacterium, or protein, that elicits an immune response by stimulating the production of antibodies. | 21. | The enlargement or swelling on roots of nitrogen- fixing plants. | 22. | A DNA sequence that is ultimately translated into protein. | 25. | The study of the fossil record of past geo- logical periods and of the phylogenetic relationships between ancient and contemporary plant and animal species. | 26. | A period in which a plant does not grow, awaiting necessary environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture, nutrient availability. | 28. | A disease, originally of sheep, but transmissible to other animals, characterized by neurological degeneration caused by accumulation of a structural variant of PrP. | 29. | A female gamete. | 31. | Study that relates the appearance and behavior of chromosomes to genetic phenomenon. | 34. | An organism that lives inside another. | 36. | A charged particle. | 37. | A fertilized oocyte. | 39. | The twisted-ladder shape that two linear strands of DNA assume when complementary nucleotides on opposing strands bond together. | 43. | A protein derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that is toxic to some insects when ingested. | 44. | Alternate forms of a gene or DNA sequence, which occur on either of two homologous chromosomes in a diploid organism. | 45. | A peptide hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that regulates the level of sugar in the blood. | 47. | The concept developed by Charles Darwin that genes which produce characteristics that are more favorable in a particular environment will be more abundant in the next generation. | 48. | A substance that kills harmful organisms (for example, an insecticide or fungicide). | 49. | Cells of body tissues other than the germline. | 50. | An agent, such as a chemical, that kills fungi. |
| | Down:2. | A category including closely related species. | 4. | The term used by Friedrich Miescher to describe the nuclear material he discovered in 1869, which today is known as DNA. | 6. | Cell lines derived from early embryos that have the potential to differentiate into all types of somatic cells as well as to form germ line cells, and hence whole animals, when injected into early embryos. | 7. | A microorganism that grows in the presence of oxygen. | 12. | One of two or more forms of an element that have the same number of protons (atomic number) but differing numbers of neutrons (mass numbers). Radioactive isotopes are commonly used to make DNA probes and metabolic tracers. | 13. | A uniform and uninterrupted laver of bacterial growth, in which individual colonies cannot be observed. | 14. | Various substances that are essential in minute quantities to the nutrition of animals and plants. | 16. | Agents, such as vaccines, that give immunity to diseases or harmful biotic stresses. | 20. | An exact genetic replica of a specific gene or an entire organism. | 23. | Subdivision of a species for taxonomic classification. | 24. | A bacterial cell whose chromosome contains in- tegrated viral DNA. | 27. | A chromosome that is not involved in sex determination. | 30. | The replication of a cell to form two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes. | 32. | A group of identical cells (clones) derived from a single progenitor cell. | 33. | The joining of two bacteria cells when genetic material is transferred from one bacterium to another. | 35. | A single-celled, microscopic prokaryotic organism: a single cell organism without a distinct nucleus. | 38. | Any substance that is toxic to plants; usually used to kill specific unwanted plants. | 40. | The membrane-bound region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the chromosomes. | 41. | The cells that carry the male DNA of a seed plant. | 42. | A substance that promotes a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction, but which itself remains unaltered at the end of the reaction. | 46. | A haploid sex cell, egg or sperm, that contains a single copy of each chromosome. |
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PuzzleFast.com, Noncommercial Use Only
Across:1. | A microorganism that lacks chlorophyll. | 3. | Proteins that control the various steps in all chemical reactions. | 5. | The biochemical processes that sustain a living cell or organism. | 8. | Containing genes altered by insertion of DNA from an unrelated organism. | 9. | Crossing an organism with one of its parent organisms. | 10. | The destruction of the cell membrane. | 11. | A noncellular biological entity that can reproduce only within a host cell. | 15. | A microorganism. | 17. | Having the properties of cancerous growth. | 18. | A nucleotide base triplet in a transfer RNA molecule that pairs with a complementary base triplet, or codon, in a messenger RNA molecule. | 19. | Any foreign substance, such as a virus, bacterium, or protein, that elicits an immune response by stimulating the production of antibodies. | 21. | The enlargement or swelling on roots of nitrogen- fixing plants. | 22. | A DNA sequence that is ultimately translated into protein. | 25. | The study of the fossil record of past geo- logical periods and of the phylogenetic relationships between ancient and contemporary plant and animal species. | 26. | A period in which a plant does not grow, awaiting necessary environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture, nutrient availability. | 28. | A disease, originally of sheep, but transmissible to other animals, characterized by neurological degeneration caused by accumulation of a structural variant of PrP. | 29. | A female gamete. | 31. | Study that relates the appearance and behavior of chromosomes to genetic phenomenon. | 34. | An organism that lives inside another. | 36. | A charged particle. | 37. | A fertilized oocyte. | 39. | The twisted-ladder shape that two linear strands of DNA assume when complementary nucleotides on opposing strands bond together. | 43. | A protein derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that is toxic to some insects when ingested. | 44. | Alternate forms of a gene or DNA sequence, which occur on either of two homologous chromosomes in a diploid organism. | 45. | A peptide hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that regulates the level of sugar in the blood. | 47. | The concept developed by Charles Darwin that genes which produce characteristics that are more favorable in a particular environment will be more abundant in the next generation. | 48. | A substance that kills harmful organisms (for example, an insecticide or fungicide). | 49. | Cells of body tissues other than the germline. | 50. | An agent, such as a chemical, that kills fungi. |
| | Down:2. | A category including closely related species. | 4. | The term used by Friedrich Miescher to describe the nuclear material he discovered in 1869, which today is known as DNA. | 6. | Cell lines derived from early embryos that have the potential to differentiate into all types of somatic cells as well as to form germ line cells, and hence whole animals, when injected into early embryos. | 7. | A microorganism that grows in the presence of oxygen. | 12. | One of two or more forms of an element that have the same number of protons (atomic number) but differing numbers of neutrons (mass numbers). Radioactive isotopes are commonly used to make DNA probes and metabolic tracers. | 13. | A uniform and uninterrupted laver of bacterial growth, in which individual colonies cannot be observed. | 14. | Various substances that are essential in minute quantities to the nutrition of animals and plants. | 16. | Agents, such as vaccines, that give immunity to diseases or harmful biotic stresses. | 20. | An exact genetic replica of a specific gene or an entire organism. | 23. | Subdivision of a species for taxonomic classification. | 24. | A bacterial cell whose chromosome contains in- tegrated viral DNA. | 27. | A chromosome that is not involved in sex determination. | 30. | The replication of a cell to form two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes. | 32. | A group of identical cells (clones) derived from a single progenitor cell. | 33. | The joining of two bacteria cells when genetic material is transferred from one bacterium to another. | 35. | A single-celled, microscopic prokaryotic organism: a single cell organism without a distinct nucleus. | 38. | Any substance that is toxic to plants; usually used to kill specific unwanted plants. | 40. | The membrane-bound region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the chromosomes. | 41. | The cells that carry the male DNA of a seed plant. | 42. | A substance that promotes a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction, but which itself remains unaltered at the end of the reaction. | 46. | A haploid sex cell, egg or sperm, that contains a single copy of each chromosome. |
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© 2013
PuzzleFast.com, Noncommercial Use Only