en CR Biology Ch. 8-13 Quiz 50 allele: Alternative form of a gene interkinesis: Period of time between meiosis I and meiosis II during which no DNA replication takes place homologue: Member of a homologous pair of chromosomes. sexual reproduction: Reproduction involving meiosis, gamete formation, and fertilization zygote: Diploid cell formed by the union of two gametes. the product of fertilization. synapsis: Pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I. gamete: Haploid sex cell, egg and sperm. meiosis: Type of nuclear division that occurs as part of sexual reproduction, in which the daughter cells receive the haploid number of chromosomes in varied combinations. life cycle: recurring pattern of genetically programmed events by which individuals grow, develop, maintain themselves, and reproduce. anaphase: Mitotic phase during which daughter chromosomes move toward the poles of the spindle. angiogenesis: Formation of new blood vessels; one mechanism by which cancer spreads. apoptosis: Programmed cell death involving a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death and destruction of the cell asexual reproduction: Reproduction that requires only one parent and does not involve gametes. aster: Short, radiating fibers produced by the centrosomes on animal cells. benign tumor: Mass of cells derived from a single mutated cell that has repeatedly undergone cell division but has remained at the site of origin. binary fission: Splitting of a parent cell into two daughter cells; serves as an asexual form of reproduction in bacteria. centriole: Cell organelle, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division. Chromatin: Network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing. Cyclin: Protein that cycles in quantity as the cell cycle progresses, combines with and activates the kinases that function to promote the events of the cycle. cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis and meiosis. interphase: Stages of the cell cycle G1, S, G2 during which growth and DNA synthesis occur when the nucleus is not actively dividing. metastasis: Spread of cancer from the place of origin throughout the body, caused by the ability of cancer cells to migrate and invade tissues. autosome: Any chromosome other than the sex-determining pair. codominance: Inheritance pattern in which both alleles of a gene are equally expressed. heterozygous: Possessing unlike alleles for a particular trait. gene locus: Possessing unlike alleles for a particular trait. recessive Allele: Allele that exerts its phenotypic effect only in the homozygote, its expression is masked by a dominant allele. pleiotropy: Inheritance pattern in which one gene affects many phenotypic characteristics of the individual. phenotype: Visible expression of a genotype, brown eyes or attached earlobes. multifactorial trait: The result of the interaction of several genes, traits. dihybrid cross : Cross between parents that differ in two traits. dominant allele: Allele that exerts its phenotypic effect in the heterozygote. epistasis : Inheritance pattern in which one gene masks the expression of another gene that is at a different locus and is independently inherited. gene locus: Specific location of a particular gene on homologous chromosomes. Genotype: Genes of an organism for a particular trait or traits. Homozygous: Possessing two identical alleles for a particular trait. incomplete dominance: Inheritance pattern in which the offspring has an intermediate phenotype monohybrid cross: Cross between parents that differ in only one trait. polygenic inheritance: Pattern of inheritance in which a trait is controlled by several allelic pairs Punnett square: Grid used to calculate the expected results of simple genetic crosses. recessive allele: Allele that exerts its phenotypic effect only in the homozygote testcross: Cross between an individual with the dominant phenotype and an individual with the recessive phenotype. Unifactorial: One gene consisting of a single pair of alleles, one dominant and one recessive. wild type: Phenotype or genotype that is characteristic of the majority of individuals of a species in a natural environment. chromosomal mutation: Alteration in the chromosome structure or number typical of the species. chromosome theory of inheritance: The idea that chromosomes are the carriers of genes deletion: Change in chromosome structure in which the end of a chromosome breaks off or two simultaneous breaks lead to the loss of an internal segment, often causes abnormalities duplication: Change in chromosome structure in which a particular segment is present more than once in the same chromosome. Euploidy: Cells containing only complete sets of chromosomes. gene linkage: Relationship between genes on the same chromosome. inversion: Change in chromosome structure in which a segment of a chromosome is turned around 180 degrees, this reversed sequence of genes can lead to altered gene activity and abnormalitites karyotype: Chromosomes arranged by pairs according to their size, shape, and general appearance in mitotic karyotype metaphase. linkage group: Alleles of different genes that are located on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together. linkage map: Depicts the distances between loci as well as the order in which they occur on the organism. cell signaling pathway: begins when a chemical signal binds to a receptor protein in a target cell's plasma membrane signal transduction pathway: when the signal causes the receptor protein to initiate a series of reactions, the last reaction activates a transcription activator that enhances the transcription of a specific gene karyotype: visual display of an individual's chromosomes arranged by pairs amniocentesis and chorionic villi sampling: provide fetal cells for karyotyping pedigree: shows the pattern of gene inheritance and the chances of a genetic disorder will be passed on ex vivo techniques: involve genetic engineering of a patient's cells outside the body in vivo techniques: involve attempting to alter cells without removing them various human disorders: result from abnormal chromosome number or structure karyotyping: reveals changes in chromosome number and chromosome structure based on a change in the normal banding patterns of the chromosome DNA: is transcribed to give mRNA DNA ligase: seals DNA into an opening created by the restriction enzyme DNA replication requires: unwinding, complementary base pairing, and joining Initiation: mRNA binds to the smaller of 2 ribosomal subunits, larger subunit associates with the smaller one Joining: the complementary nucleotides join to form new strands. Each daughter DNA molecule contains an old strand and a new strand. Enzyme complex DNA polymerase enzyme DNA ligase seals any breaks in the sugarphosphate backbone P site: for tRNA attached to a peptide Plasmid: 2 enzymes are needed to introduce foreign DNA into plasmid polymerase chain reaction: Chain reaction, requires DNA polymerase, primers, supply of nucleotides primers: single stranded DNA sequences that start the replication process on each DNA strand point mutation: change in a single DNA nucleotide promoter: a region of DNA that contains a special sequence of nucleotides purines with double ring: adenine and guanine

Biology Ch. 8-13 Quiz

								1								2									3			4

									5																	6
							7											8
		9							10		11
																				12
													13

									14								15	16
					17										18
				19				■																	20
								21												22
						23																				24
		25																26

														27													28

																29
												30
	31							32

						33																34

																				35	36		37						38
						39	40
41

											42
									43


			44						45										46

											47													48

49										50

Across:

1.	Allele that exerts its phenotypic effect only in the homozygote
3.	Cells containing only complete sets of chromosomes.
8.	involve attempting to alter cells without removing them
10.	Programmed cell death involving a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death and destruction of the cell
12.	Inheritance pattern in which one gene affects many phenotypic characteristics of the individual.
15.	Cross between parents that differ in two traits.
17.	Alternative form of a gene
21.	Spread of cancer from the place of origin throughout the body, caused by the ability of cancer cells to migrate and invade tissues.
25.	mRNA binds to the smaller of 2 ribosomal subunits, larger subunit associates with the smaller one
26.	change in a single DNA nucleotide

32.	Reproduction that requires only one parent and does not involve gametes.
33.	2 enzymes are needed to introduce foreign DNA into plasmid
34.	the complementary nucleotides join to form new strands. Each daughter DNA molecule contains an old strand and a new strand. Enzyme complex DNA polymerase enzyme DNA ligase seals any breaks in the sugarphosphate backbone
41.	reveals changes in chromosome number and chromosome structure based on a change in the normal banding patterns of the chromosome
43.	Genes of an organism for a particular trait or traits.
45.	Protein that cycles in quantity as the cell cycle progresses, combines with and activates the kinases that function to promote the events of the cycle.
46.	Allele that exerts its phenotypic effect only in the homozygote, its expression is masked by a dominant allele.
47.	Possessing unlike alleles for a particular trait.
49.	Haploid sex cell, egg and sperm.
50.	begins when a chemical signal binds to a receptor protein in a target cell's plasma membrane

Down:

2.	Any chromosome other than the sex-determining pair.
4.	Change in chromosome structure in which the end of a chromosome breaks off or two simultaneous breaks lead to the loss of an internal segment, often causes abnormalities
5.	is transcribed to give mRNA
6.	Mitotic phase during which daughter chromosomes move toward the poles of the spindle.
7.	a region of DNA that contains a special sequence of nucleotides
9.	One gene consisting of a single pair of alleles, one dominant and one recessive.
11.	Grid used to calculate the expected results of simple genetic crosses.
13.	Network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing.
14.	Possessing unlike alleles for a particular trait.
16.	Inheritance pattern in which the offspring has an intermediate phenotype
18.	for tRNA attached to a peptide
19.	result from abnormal chromosome number or structure
20.	Pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I.
22.	Type of nuclear division that occurs as part of sexual reproduction, in which the daughter cells receive the haploid number of chromosomes in varied combinations.
23.	Depicts the distances between loci as well as the order in which they occur on the organism.

24.	when the signal causes the receptor protein to initiate a series of reactions, the last reaction activates a transcription activator that enhances the transcription of a specific gene
27.	Change in chromosome structure in which a segment of a chromosome is turned around 180 degrees, this reversed sequence of genes can lead to altered gene activity and abnormalitites
28.	Chain reaction, requires DNA polymerase, primers, supply of nucleotides
29.	Change in chromosome structure in which a particular segment is present more than once in the same chromosome.
30.	Chromosomes arranged by pairs according to their size, shape, and general appearance in mitotic karyotype metaphase.
31.	The result of the interaction of several genes, traits.
35.	Visible expression of a genotype, brown eyes or attached earlobes.
36.	Cell organelle, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division.
37.	Stages of the cell cycle G1, S, G2 during which growth and DNA synthesis occur when the nucleus is not actively dividing.
38.	recurring pattern of genetically programmed events by which individuals grow, develop, maintain themselves, and reproduce.
39.	Diploid cell formed by the union of two gametes. the product of fertilization.
40.	Splitting of a parent cell into two daughter cells; serves as an asexual form of reproduction in bacteria.
42.	Member of a homologous pair of chromosomes.
44.	single stranded DNA sequences that start the replication process on each DNA strand
48.	Short, radiating fibers produced by the centrosomes on animal cells.

Biology Ch. 8-13 Quiz

■

Across:

1.	Allele that exerts its phenotypic effect only in the homozygote
3.	Cells containing only complete sets of chromosomes.
8.	involve attempting to alter cells without removing them
10.	Programmed cell death involving a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death and destruction of the cell
12.	Inheritance pattern in which one gene affects many phenotypic characteristics of the individual.
15.	Cross between parents that differ in two traits.
17.	Alternative form of a gene
21.	Spread of cancer from the place of origin throughout the body, caused by the ability of cancer cells to migrate and invade tissues.
25.	mRNA binds to the smaller of 2 ribosomal subunits, larger subunit associates with the smaller one
26.	change in a single DNA nucleotide

32.	Reproduction that requires only one parent and does not involve gametes.
33.	2 enzymes are needed to introduce foreign DNA into plasmid
34.	the complementary nucleotides join to form new strands. Each daughter DNA molecule contains an old strand and a new strand. Enzyme complex DNA polymerase enzyme DNA ligase seals any breaks in the sugarphosphate backbone
41.	reveals changes in chromosome number and chromosome structure based on a change in the normal banding patterns of the chromosome
43.	Genes of an organism for a particular trait or traits.
45.	Protein that cycles in quantity as the cell cycle progresses, combines with and activates the kinases that function to promote the events of the cycle.
46.	Allele that exerts its phenotypic effect only in the homozygote, its expression is masked by a dominant allele.
47.	Possessing unlike alleles for a particular trait.
49.	Haploid sex cell, egg and sperm.
50.	begins when a chemical signal binds to a receptor protein in a target cell's plasma membrane

Down:

2.	Any chromosome other than the sex-determining pair.
4.	Change in chromosome structure in which the end of a chromosome breaks off or two simultaneous breaks lead to the loss of an internal segment, often causes abnormalities
5.	is transcribed to give mRNA
6.	Mitotic phase during which daughter chromosomes move toward the poles of the spindle.
7.	a region of DNA that contains a special sequence of nucleotides
9.	One gene consisting of a single pair of alleles, one dominant and one recessive.
11.	Grid used to calculate the expected results of simple genetic crosses.
13.	Network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing.
14.	Possessing unlike alleles for a particular trait.
16.	Inheritance pattern in which the offspring has an intermediate phenotype
18.	for tRNA attached to a peptide
19.	result from abnormal chromosome number or structure
20.	Pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I.
22.	Type of nuclear division that occurs as part of sexual reproduction, in which the daughter cells receive the haploid number of chromosomes in varied combinations.
23.	Depicts the distances between loci as well as the order in which they occur on the organism.

24.	when the signal causes the receptor protein to initiate a series of reactions, the last reaction activates a transcription activator that enhances the transcription of a specific gene
27.	Change in chromosome structure in which a segment of a chromosome is turned around 180 degrees, this reversed sequence of genes can lead to altered gene activity and abnormalitites
28.	Chain reaction, requires DNA polymerase, primers, supply of nucleotides
29.	Change in chromosome structure in which a particular segment is present more than once in the same chromosome.
30.	Chromosomes arranged by pairs according to their size, shape, and general appearance in mitotic karyotype metaphase.
31.	The result of the interaction of several genes, traits.
35.	Visible expression of a genotype, brown eyes or attached earlobes.
36.	Cell organelle, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division.
37.	Stages of the cell cycle G1, S, G2 during which growth and DNA synthesis occur when the nucleus is not actively dividing.
38.	recurring pattern of genetically programmed events by which individuals grow, develop, maintain themselves, and reproduce.
39.	Diploid cell formed by the union of two gametes. the product of fertilization.
40.	Splitting of a parent cell into two daughter cells; serves as an asexual form of reproduction in bacteria.
42.	Member of a homologous pair of chromosomes.
44.	single stranded DNA sequences that start the replication process on each DNA strand
48.	Short, radiating fibers produced by the centrosomes on animal cells.

								1								2									3			4

									5																	6
							7											8
		9							10		11
																				12
													13

									14								15	16
					17										18
				19				■																	20
								21												22
						23																				24
		25																26

														27													28

																29
												30
	31							32

						33																34

																				35	36		37						38
						39	40
41

											42
									43


			44						45										46

											47													48

49										50

								1								2									3			4

									5																	6
							7											8
		9							10		11
																				12
													13

									14								15	16
					17										18
				19				■																	20
								21												22
						23																				24
		25																26

														27													28

																29
												30
	31							32

						33																34

																				35	36		37						38
						39	40
41

											42
									43


			44						45										46

											47													48

49										50

								1								2									3			4

									5																	6
							7											8
		9							10		11
																				12
													13

									14								15	16
					17										18
				19				■																	20
								21												22
						23																				24
		25																26

														27													28

																29
												30
	31							32

						33																34

																				35	36		37						38
						39	40
41

											42
									43


			44						45										46

											47													48

49										50